This paper discusses the current development and prospects of water environment biosensors that combine metal nanoparticles with artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Water pollution, particularly the detection of harmful substances such as heavy metals, poses serious threats to human health and the environment, increasing the need for rapid and accurate monitoring technologies. Traditional analytical methods are costly, complex, and difficult to apply on-site, prompting the demand for efficient alternatives. Biosensors, which integrate biological components with analytical systems, offer advantages such as miniaturization and low costs. Electrochemical biosensors are known for their high sensitivities and stabilities. Metal nanoparticles are considered ideal materials for biosensors due to their excellent reactivity and plasmonic properties, enabling sensitive detection of harmful substances. Recently, the integration of AI, particularly machine learning, has expanded the application of biosensors by enabling rapid data processing and real-time monitoring. AI-based metal nanoparticle biosensors offer more precise analysis than conventional methods and have the potential to contribute to solving a variety of environmental problems, including water quality monitoring.